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柴油發(fā)電機(jī)常見故障維修誘因工作原理分析

2012/5/17 9:27:43

柴油發(fā)電機(jī)常見故障維修誘因工作原理分析

一.發(fā)電機(jī)的故障檢修
　　為保證機(jī)組運(yùn)行的可靠和性能，進(jìn)行定期檢查和必要時(shí)的維護(hù)是重要的，有組織的維護(hù)計(jì)劃，需制定一按日程或時(shí)間排定的定期檢查和測(cè)試項(xiàng)目表。必須強(qiáng)調(diào)，以下維護(hù)指導(dǎo)僅針對(duì)一般情況而言，由于有多種發(fā)電機(jī)組機(jī)型，任何機(jī)組的具體維護(hù)要求，需參照機(jī)其隨機(jī)提供的說明書。
　　柴油發(fā)電機(jī)的常見故障注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
　　 1. 發(fā)電機(jī)不能起動(dòng)的原因 　
（1）檢查蓄電池電壓是否達(dá)到額定電壓DC48V 　
　　(2)檢查蓄電池接線柱與連接電纜線是否接觸不良。　
　　(3)起動(dòng)馬達(dá)的正負(fù)極電纜線會(huì)產(chǎn)生接線不牢，因?yàn)樵诎l(fā)電機(jī)運(yùn)行時(shí)產(chǎn)生震動(dòng)使接線松馳造成接觸不良。　
　　(4)燃油系統(tǒng)中有空氣引起。
　　 2. 冷卻水溫度偏高故障 　　
　?。?）通常是冷卻水箱散熱器表面不清潔引起冷卻水箱內(nèi)冷卻液不足，發(fā)電機(jī)在使用較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間后冷卻風(fēng)扇的皮帶會(huì)逐漸老化變得毫無彈性或某條皮帶斷裂造成冷卻風(fēng)扇失去正常的吹風(fēng)能力，這時(shí)需重新更換冷卻風(fēng)扇的皮帶，更換時(shí)應(yīng)該整組皮帶一起更換而不是只換其中的某一條。　　
　?。?）冷卻水泵故障導(dǎo)致冷卻水不循環(huán)而使水溫升高，是由于節(jié)溫器故障不能張開，使冷卻水水溫變化時(shí)不能改變冷卻水的循環(huán)路徑，控制進(jìn)入散熱水箱冷卻水的流量，達(dá)到調(diào)節(jié)冷卻強(qiáng)度目的，此時(shí)需要更換節(jié)溫器。　　
　?。?）使用不合要求的冷卻液使冷卻水管道積有水垢、鐵銹之類等物阻礙冷卻水的循環(huán)引起水溫升高。
　　 3. 發(fā)電機(jī)排氣冒黑煙 　　
　?。?）使用燃油的質(zhì)量差，含雜質(zhì)多。　　
　?。?）環(huán)境灰塵雜物多，空氣濾芯嚴(yán)重堵塞。　　
　?。?）發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的噴油正時(shí)不對(duì)。
　　 4. 發(fā)電機(jī)排氣冒藍(lán)煙
　　一般都是濾清器中機(jī)油過多（在保養(yǎng)時(shí)機(jī)油添加過多）引起，減少機(jī)油至規(guī)定液位可解決。另外一種情況是：活塞環(huán)卡死或磨損過多，彈性不足使機(jī)油泄漏進(jìn)入燃燒室燃燒所致。這需要清洗活塞環(huán)或更換泄漏部分的活塞環(huán)。
　　 5.發(fā)電機(jī)排氣冒白煙　　
　?。?）燃油系統(tǒng)中含有水分引起?？蓪?duì)儲(chǔ)油箱底部進(jìn)行排放，查看有無水分。　　
　　（2）氣缸氣門磨損后對(duì)氣流產(chǎn)生變化這時(shí)會(huì)排出帶煙圈的白煙。此時(shí)必須要更換磨損部件。　　
　?。?）噴油嘴噴油霧化不良，柴油霧滴在燃燒室未燃燒。必須檢查噴油嘴，調(diào)整至規(guī)定的噴油壓力。
　　二.發(fā)電機(jī)的日常維護(hù)保養(yǎng)
　　為了獲得機(jī)組最大的運(yùn)行安全性和使用壽命，對(duì)機(jī)組定期進(jìn)行維護(hù)保養(yǎng)是必要的，如果能遵守機(jī)組維護(hù)保養(yǎng)的相關(guān)條例，就可保證機(jī)組的性能。
　　（1）每天保養(yǎng)：
　　1、檢查柴油發(fā)電機(jī)工作日?qǐng)?bào)。　　
　　2、檢查柴油發(fā)電機(jī)：機(jī)油平面，冷卻液平面。　　
　　3、日檢柴油發(fā)電機(jī)有無損壞、摻漏，皮帶是否松弛或磨損。
　　（2）每周保養(yǎng)：　
　　1、重復(fù)每日的A級(jí)柴油發(fā)電機(jī)檢查。　　
　　2、檢查空氣濾清器，清潔或更換空氣濾清器芯子。　　
　　3、放出燃油箱及燃油濾清器中的水或沉積物。　　
　　4、檢查水過濾器。　　
　　5、檢查起動(dòng)蓄電池。　
　　6、起動(dòng)柴油發(fā)電機(jī)并檢查有無影響。　
　　7、用空氣槍及清水冼冷卻器前后端的散熱片。
　　（3）有組織的維護(hù)
　　有組織的維護(hù)使費(fèi)用和工作量降到最低水平，因?yàn)樗怯薪M織的定期進(jìn)行，而不是在機(jī)組處于緊急狀態(tài)時(shí)才要求進(jìn)行的，定期維護(hù)的其它好處可能不會(huì)被明顯地看見，由于潛在故障可能在其發(fā)展之前發(fā)現(xiàn)，這節(jié)約了大修費(fèi)用。同時(shí)，由于機(jī)組總是運(yùn)行在最佳狀態(tài)，將減少運(yùn)行費(fèi)用并增加機(jī)組壽命。
　　（4）維護(hù)程序　
　　建議負(fù)責(zé)維護(hù)的人員，制定發(fā)電機(jī)檢查和維護(hù)時(shí)間或日程表，匯總所有需于適當(dāng)周期予以注意的部件。這樣減少了相似項(xiàng)目的重復(fù)，以使機(jī)組停歇時(shí)間最少，更深層優(yōu)點(diǎn)是這些停歇時(shí)間可調(diào)整安排在對(duì)常規(guī)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)活動(dòng)影響最小時(shí)，通常是引擎或主要運(yùn)動(dòng)部件，需要經(jīng)常注意，并建議所有維護(hù)周期應(yīng)基于引擎的要求。每家引擎制造商均提供其設(shè)備維護(hù)的清楚、詳細(xì)的說明，以及其維護(hù)所需周期。必須注意，引擎廠家提供的維護(hù)周期基于機(jī)房環(huán)境為清潔、干燥。如果機(jī)組運(yùn)行在臟和/或潮濕的環(huán)境中，維護(hù)應(yīng)該更加頻繁，引擎和發(fā)電機(jī)的維護(hù)過程分別在其手冊(cè)中給出，應(yīng)經(jīng)常觀看這些維護(hù)過程和本節(jié)所述內(nèi)容。

Principle analysis of common faults of diesel generator maintenance work incentives

I. generator troubleshooting

　　To ensure reliable unit operation and performance, is important to carry out regular inspection and, if necessary, maintenance, organized maintenance plans, need to develop a schedule or time scheduled for periodic inspection and test list. It must be emphasized that following maintenance instructions are only for the General case, because of the variety of generator models, specific maintenance requirements for any unit, required reference the provided instructions.

　　 Common faults of diesel generator note the following several points:

　　 1. the generators not start because 　

(1) check whether the battery voltage rated voltage DC48V 　

　　(2) check the battery post and the connection cable is bad. 　

　　(3) positive and negative pole cable starter motor wire be loose wiring because vibrates when the generator is running the wiring loose cause poor contact. 　

　　(4) due to air in the fuel system.

　　 2. high cooling water temperature fault 　　

　　(1) usually is cooling water box radiator surface does not clean caused cooling water box within cooling liquid insufficient, generator in using more long time Hou cooling fan of belt will gradually aging became without elastic or a article belt fracture caused cooling fan lost normal of hair dryer capacity, then needed again replaced cooling fan of belt, replaced Shi should whole group belt together replaced and not only for which of a a article. 　　

　　(2) cooling water cooling water pump failure will not cycle and increase the water temperature, is because of a thermostat failure can not open, circular path of cooling water does not change when cooling water temperature, control entry to the radiator cooling flow, achieve adjusting cooling strength of purpose, need to replace the thermostat. 　　

　　(3) the use of unqualified cooling water pipes of cooling liquid product such as scale, rust, and so impede the circulation of cooling water temperature caused by.

　　 3. generator exhaust black smoke 　　

　　(1) use poor-quality fuel, containing impurities. 　　

　　(2) environmental dust debris, serious air filter clogging. 　　

　　(3) fuel injection timing of the engine does not.

　　 4. the generator exhaust to risk blue smoke

　　Are generally too much oil in the filter (adding too many maintenance timing oil) caused reduced oil to provide liquid can be resolved. Another situation is that stuck or excessive wear of piston rings, elastic due to the lack of oil leaking into the combustion chamber the burning. This needs to be cleaned or replace the leaking part of piston ring piston rings.

　　 5. the generator exhaust white smoke risk 　　

　　(1) contains water in the fuel system causing. 　　Can storage Department of bottom emission, viewing with or without water.

　　(2) the cylinder valve worn on air change now white smoke exhaust smoke rings. 　　You must to replace worn parts.

　　(3) poor injector fuel injection spray, diesel fuel droplets in the combustion chamber is not burning. Nozzle must be checked, adjusted to the provisions of fuel injection pressures.

　　 II. the daily maintenance of the generator maintenance

　　 In order to get maximum operational safety and the use of unit life, regular maintenance is necessary on unit, if they can comply with the regulations unit maintenance, you can guarantee the performance of the unit.

　　 (1) daily maintenance:

　　1, check the diesel generator working daily. 　　

　　2, check the diesel generator: engine oil plane, cooling liquid plane. 　　

　　Day 3, found mixed with diesel generators for damage, leakage, the belt is loose or worn.

　　 (2) the weekly maintenance: 　

　　1, repeat class a diesel generator to check on a daily basis. 　　

　　2, check the air filter, clean or replace the air filter element child. 　　

　　3, release the water in the fuel tank and fuel filter or sediment. 　　

　　4, check the water filter. 　　

　　5, check the starter battery. 　

　　6, starting of diesel generators and check for effect. 　

　　7, wash with air gun and water cooler before and after the end of the heatsink.

　　 (3) the organization maintains

　　 Organized maintenance workload and costs to a minimum level, because it is organized regularly, rather than request only if the unit is in a State of emergency, other benefits of regular maintenance may not be clearly seen, due to potential failures may be found to its development, which saves repair costs. At the same time, since the unit always running in an optimal state, will reduce operating costs and increase machine life.

　　 (4) maintenance program 　

　　Recommends that the persons responsible for the maintenance, inspection and maintenance time, or schedule of developed generator, summarizing all the appropriate cycle parts of the attention. This reduces duplication of similar projects, so that the unit stop time at least, deeper advantage is that these dead time arrangements can be adjusted at the time of least impact on regular on-site activities, usually the engine or the main moving parts, require constant attention, and recommends that all maintenance cycle should be based on the engine's requirements. Each manufacturer of engines provide clear, detailed descriptions of the equipment maintenance, as well as necessary for its maintenance cycle. It must be noted that engine manufacturers to provide maintenance intervals based on the room environment clean and dry. If the unit is running in dirty and/or humid environments, maintains should be more frequent, engine and generator maintenance procedures at its shown in the manual, should watch these maintenance procedures, and content in this section.